This book explores the role of the modern Commonwealth in the international campaign against apartheid in South Africa. Spanning the period of South Africa-s apartheid state, from its foundation in 1948 until its ending in April 1994, the author demonstrates that, after the 1960 Sharpeville massacre and South Africa-s subsequent exclusion from the Commonwealth, the organisation was able to become both "pathfinder and interlocutor" on the road to South Africa-s freedom. As well as South Africa-s ejection from the Commonwealth, apartheid-s increasing isolation was sustained by the Commonwealth-s pioneering work in boycotting apartheid sport, as well as campaigning to stop arms sales. It also played an important role in internationalising economic and financial sanctions, credited by some as the final nail in apartheid-s coffin, and was able to make an important and distinctive contribution to the transition to democracy. At the same time, c
