The decade of war and violence culminating in the Conference of Lausanne was formative for the modern state of Turkey, as it was for interwar Europe-s diplomacy and appeasement. Yet the currents that gave rise to the defining events of the period - ultranationalism, imperial proto-fascism, and pan-Islamism - have yet to be definitively integrated into historiography. The case studies in this book reappraise key events, concepts, and individuals in late Ottoman and early Republican Turkey. Divided into four parts, the book first examines squandered opportunities for democratic reform of the multi-ethnic empire, as well as the emergence of extreme politico-religious ideology in the late Ottoman period. It then examines the continuity of these currents in Kemalist Turkey in case studies including anti-Kurdish campaigns and biographical studies of key actors, insiders, and ideologues such as Ziya G-kalp, Cavid Bey, Riza Nur, and Mahmut Bozkurt. The final part of the book explores the legac
