This book includes six chapters that explore chitosan's diverse applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. Chapter 1 systematically analyzes the structures and properties of chitosan and explores its application potential in various fields such as biomedicine, agriculture, the food industry, environmental protection, and cosmetics. Chapter 2 aims to present a comprehensive overview of recent developments and potential biomedical applications of chitosan, based on an in-depth analysis of current research and technological advancements. Chapter 3 comprehensively reviews the sources, preparation processes, and quality control of chitosan, and deeply analyzes the effects of different sources and processes on the properties of chitosan. Chapter 4 explores nanotechnology-driven approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with a particular focus on chitosan-based nanomaterials as multifunctional antimicrobial platforms. Chapter 5 explores the diverse applications of chitosan, with a particular focus on its roles in environmental science and radiation-related technologies, including its potential use in radioprotection and the remediation of radiation-contaminated environments. Lastly, chapter 6 provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse applications of chitosan in the medical and environmental fields, highlighting challenges and prospects in the field.