Bonapartism and Revolutionary Tradition in France - The Federes of 1815

Bonapartism and Revolutionary Tradition in France is a study of the personnel, organisation and activities of the Federes, the massive paramilitary political associations that supported Napoleon during the Hundred Days. In tracing federe backgrounds the author demonstrates that the federations were politically and socially heterogeneous - composed of old revolutionaries, Bonapartists and future Liberals, and drawn from both the lower and middle classes. Analysis of Federe literature and symbolism reveals the common ground of ideology and self-interest that enabled these diverse groups to unite in opposition to Bourbon rule, and thereby reverse the process of fragmentation that had beset the Revolutionary movement since 1789. Discussion of relations between the Imperial government and the Federes explains why Bonaparte encouraged this development, despite his realisation that old Jacobins dominated the associations of 1815.