Globalizations from Below uses a Constructivist International Relations approach that emphasizes the centrality of normative power to analyze and compare the four globalizations -from below.-
These are: (1) the counter-hegemonic globalization represented by the -movement of movements- of alter-globalization transnational social activists, who try to put an end to the Neoliberal nature of the Western-centered globalization -from above-; (2) the non-hegemonic globalization enacted by -ant traders- that are part of the transnational informal economy; (3) the partially similar Chinese-centered globalization, whose entrepreneurial migrants are strongly influenced and instrumentalized by the Chinese state; and (4) the first wave globalization -from below- that paralleled (and outlived) the 1870-1914 globalization -from above.- This book identifies their common features and uses them to define the concept of globalization -from below- as a set of socio-economic or socio-poli
