This book deliberates on the concept, strategies, tools, and techniques of allele mining in grain legume crops and its application potential in genome elucidation and improvement including studying allele evolution, discovery of superior alleles, discerning new haplotypes, assessment of intra- and interspecific similarity, and also studies of gene expression and gene prediction. Available gene pools in global germplasm collections specifically consisting of wild allied species and local landraces for almost all major crops have facilitated allele mining. Development of advanced genomic techniques including PCR-based allele priming and Eco-TILLING based allele mining are being widely used now for mining superior alleles. Allele''s discovery has become more relevant now for employing molecular breeding to develop designed crop varieties matching consumer needs and also with genome plasticity to adapt the climate change scenarios. All these concepts and strategies along with precise su