Life on Earth has evolved under the constant influence of gravity, and organisms have consequently adapted to function optimally at 1 g. However, human exploration of space and the development of altered-gravity environments on Earth have opened new avenues for understanding how gravity influences biological systems. Research has demonstrated that microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans are sensitive to changes in gravitational conditions. Altered gravity can induce significant changes in physiological, developmental, cellular, molecular, and genetic processes as organisms respond to environmental stresses associated with changes in weight, sedimentation, and other physical factors. These effects can influence biochemical reactions, biological growth, and material synthesis, while studies of cellular and developmental responses have further revealed the underlying mechanisms of gravity sensitivity. Emerging research on stem cell development, angiogenesis, and the biological synthesis of nanomaterials also highlights promising applications in medicine and biotechnology. This book brings together authoritative review articles covering these diverse and rapidly evolving areas of gravity-related biological research, offering a comprehensive perspective on how gravity shapes life and its potential applications in space exploration, agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology.
