Contested Vision: Captivity, Creativity, and Paris Prisons, 1793-1894

As authorities imposed increasing invisibility on detainees, artists such as Hubert Robert, Jacques-Louis David, Honoré Daumier, Gustave Courbet, Armand Désiré Gautier, Maximilien Luce, and Théophile Steinlen, among others, spent time behind bars grappling with representational strategies that almost always required conjoining words and images.